Spain's Climate Change Risks and Impacts Assessment (ERICC-2025) is the first comprehensive national evaluation of climate risks affecting Spain's natural, productive and social systems, providing the scientific basis for future adaptation planning.
The report identifies 141 relevant risks and 51 key risks across 14 sectors, including water, health, agriculture, coasts, energy, tourism, finance and social cohesion.

Findings show that Spain faces intensifying climate hazards such as rising temperatures, more frequent heatwaves, prolonged droughts, extreme rainfall events, sea-level rise and ocean acidification.
These hazards disproportionately affect mediterranean, southern, archipelagic and coastal regions, where exposure and vulnerability are highest.

The assessment reveals strong interdependencies among sectors: water scarcity impacts energy generation, agriculture and health; coastal erosion affects tourism and infrastructure; extreme heat undermines productivity, health and energy demand stability.
17 risks show low or irreversible recovery capacity, requiring urgent preventive action, especially biodiversity loss, desertification, coastal erosion and degradation of ecosystem services.
ERICC-2025 highlights 13 maximum-urgency risks, mainly in health, water, ecosystems, urban areas and social cohesion. The report emphasises the need for coordinated, systemic adaptation, supported by improved monitoring, robust governance and integrated territorial planning.
It aligns with the IPCC AR6, the EU Climate Risk Assessment and the PNACC framework, guiding the design of Spains 20262030 national adaptation programme.
Overall, ERICC-2025 provides a strategic, evidence-based foundation to strengthen Spains climate resilience in the coming decades.